• Two types
  primitive and object
  
  
• Primitive
  Number, string, boolean, null and undefined
  
  
• Object
  Built-in (arrays, functions, etc) and custom
  
  
  

• Immutable
  
• Auto-type conversion
  
• Truthy and falsey values

// Following evaluate to false
undefined
null
0
-0
NaN
""

• Mutable
• Collection of named properties
• Properties can be primitives, objects or functions

var car = {  type: "k-car",  cheap: true,  wheels: 4,  getSpeed: function () {    return 60;  }
};

• Declare with var keyword
• Dynamically typed

// i has a value of undefined
var i;

// i, j and k are undefined
var i, j, k;  

// i, j and k are defined
var i = 1, j = "foo", k = false;

• Function Scope
  Available to their function and nested functions
• Scope Chain
  Local takes precedence

var scope = "global";
function getGlobal () {
  return scope;
}
function getLocal () {
  var scope = "local";
  return scope;
}
console.log(getGlobal()); // "global"
console.log(getLocal());  // "local"

• Variables are visible throughout function body
• Define all variables at the top
  

var scope = "global";
function outputScope () {
  console.log(scope); // undefined
  var scope = "local";
  console.log(scope); // "local"
}
outputScope();

• Declare with function keyword
• Re-usable chunks of code
• Functions define parameters and return value
• Functions are objects

// function that takes 2 parametersfunction multiply (a, b) {    return a * b;}// calling the function with 2 argumentsmultiply(2, 3); // 6multiply.call({}, 4, 5); // 20

• Assigning to variables
• Properties of objects (methods)
• Anonymous (event handlers, timers)
• Constructors (new keyword)

var hello = function () {  return "Hello World";};
var me = {  feeling: function (say) {    return "Feeling "  + say;  }};

• Special object
  Consists of a function and the environment the function
  was created in
• Environment holds all variables that are in scope
  when the closure is created

function sayHello(name) {
    var phrase = "Howdy " + name;    var called = 0;    return function(emoticon) {        return phrase + " " + emoticon + " " + (++called);    };
}var pat = sayHello("Pat");console.log(pat(":)")); // "Howdy Pat :) 1"console.log(pat(":/")); // "Howdy Pat :/ 2"

• Conditionals
  if, else if, switch
  
  
• Loops
  while, do/while, for
  
  
• Jumps
  break, continue

if (answer === 42) {
  // Do something fancy} else {
  // Do something less fancy}
switch(n) {  case 1:     // logic for n == 1    break;    case 2:    // logic for n == 2    break;  default:    // logic if no matching case    break; 
}

var count = 0;
while (count++ < 10) {
  // loop 10 times
}
do {  // loop 11 times} while (count++ < 10);
for (var i = 0, l = a.length; i < l; i++) {  console.log(a[i]); // loop over an array}
for (var p in o) {  console.log(p + ": " + o[p]); // loop over object properties
}

var count = 0;while (count++ < 10) {  if (count === 8) {    break; // jumps out of the loop   } else if (count === 3) {    continue; // jumps to next iteration of the loop   }  console.log(count);}

• Fundamental data type of JavaScript
• Unordered collection of named properties
• Dynamically add/delete properties
• Inherits properties from another object,
  called its prototype

var obj = {  prop1 : "foo",  prop2 : "bar",  someMethod : function () {    return this.prop1 + this.prop2;  }};obj.someMethod();

• Object literal notation
• Constructor and new keyword
• Object.create

function Shape(x, y) {  this.x = x;  this.y = y;  this.getArea = function () {    return this.x * this.y;  }}var s = new Shape(5, 5);s.getArea();

• ECMAScript 5 method
• Two arguments
  1. Prototype to inherit from
  2. Additional properties (optional)

// me inherits age and height propertiesvar me = Object.create({age: 35, height: 180});
// customDate inherits Date properties/methodsvar customDate = Object.create(Date.prototype, {  someProp: {    value: "foo"  }});

function Shape(x, y) {  this.x = x;  this.y = y;}
Shape.prototype = {  getArea: function () {     return this.x * this.y;  }};
function Rectangle(x, y) {  Shape.call(this, x, y);}Rectangle.prototype = Object.create(Shape.prototype);var r = new Rectangle(10, 5);
r.getArea();

• Reference to an object
  
  
• Global context
  Refers to global object (window)
  
  
• Function context
  Depends on how function is called
  
  
• Constructor or Object method
  Refers to the object
  
  

• Use dot or square brackets
• Square brackets allow for dynamic
  property access

var o = {  x: 1};
o.x;     // 1o['x'];  // 1
var prop = 'x';o[prop]; // 1

• Ordered collection of values
  
• Elements are untyped
• Use the .length property to iterate

var a = [1, 2, 3];a.push(4); // Add an element to the enda.pop();   // Remove the last element
var b = new Array();b["cat"] = "meow";b.dog = "woof";
for (var i = 0, l = a.length; i < l; i++) {  console.log(a[i]);}

• Simplifies Code
  DOM traversal/manipulation
  

  Event handling
  Animation
  AJAX
• Smooths out cross-browser issues
• API: api.jquery.com
  

• Core element you work with
• Reference to DOM element(s)
• Created with $() function

// CSS selectors
var $h1 = $('h1'),    $notes = $('p.notes'),    $firstNote = $notes.filter(':first-child');
// DOM elementsvar p = document.getElementById('foo'),    $p = $(p);  // or even easier, $('#foo')

• Update styles
  .css()
  
  
• Update classes
  .add/remove/toggleClass()

var $notes = $('#content > .notes');$notes.css('background-color', 'red');$notes.css({  opacity: .5,   fontSize: '1em'});
$notes.addClass('big').removeClass('red');$notes.toggleClass('big');

• Attributes
  attr()
  
  
• Properties
  prop() - use for boolean attributes and properties

$('a').attr('href', 'http://google.ca');

$('input[type="checkbox"]').prop('checked', true);

• Animates between current and
  specified properties
• Use CSS animation instead (if possible)

var $notes = $('.notes');$notes.animate({height: 100}, 500, function () {  console.log('finished animation!');});
.notes {  height: 50px;  transition: height 1s ease-in;}.notes.taller {  height: 100px;}

• React to something
  "something" can be custom or predefined
• Event handlers are bound to an object
• When the object detects an event, the handler
  is executed
  
  

• Use the .on() and .off() methods
• Trigger with .trigger()

$('p').on('click', function() {  $(this).text('clicked');  });$('p').trigger('click');
var $p = $('p');$p.off('click').on('click', function(event) {  $p.text('clicked');  event.stopPropagation();  // stops the event from bubbling});$p.click();

• Move through the DOM
  
  
  Up
  parent(), parents(), closest()
  
  
• Down
  children(), find()

$('p').parent();$('p').parents('div');
$('p').children();$('p').filter('.foo').find('strong');

• Modify the DOM
  
  
• Add
  .before(), .after(), .append(), .prepend()
  
  
• Remove
  .detach(), .remove(), .empty()